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اِقْرَأ وَ رَبُّكَ الاَكْرَمُ

اَلَّذِى عَلَّمَ بِالْقَلَمِ

عَلَّمَ الاِنْسَانَ مَالَم يَعْلَمُ

Recite and your Fosterer is Most Honourable.

Who taught with the pen.

He taught man that which he did not know.

ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR OF THE HOLY QURAN

Introduction

It’s very tragic that most of us recite the Holy Quran, the word of ALLAH, the book of instructions, the only Source of authentic knowledge, without understanding it. We offer Salat, reciting passages in Arabic which we do not mean, because again we do not understand what we say.

In our worldly life, for nominal financial and social benefits, we take pains even in old age, to learn any language imposed on us. We spend hundreds and thousands of rupees on private tuitions for our children, to make them understand highly complicated subjects of Mathematics and Science, but when the problem of understanding the Holy Quran is posed, we are indifferent. Are we not answerable for this indifferent attitude of ours? Yes! It is in response to this fear that this work has been prepared so as to help the English knowing readers of the Holy Quran in learning basic important rules of grammer used in the Holy Quran.

The Holy Quran contains 1800 and odd basic root words which have been repeated in a variety of grammatic forms. Some of these words convey more than one meaning. All these words add up to 2000 and odd. If one learns the meanings of these 2000 and odd words and the grammatic rules to use them correctly in framing sentences, then, Insha Allah, in due course of time, he may be able to understand nearly the whole of the Holy Quran without the help of any translation and he may also be able to offer his Salat knowing the meaning of every word he recites. Aren’t these great temptations to understand, memorise and digest this small book?

May Allah help us, in fulfilling this desire with the sole aim of practically implementing all that we understand, and there by achieve success and happiness in this world and in the hereafter. Ameen.

Dr. MIR ANEESUDDIN, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Osm)

CONTENTS

ELEMENTARY GRAMMER / PRONOUNS & WORDS OTHER THAN NOUNS AND VERBS

ARABIC WORDS

NOUN اِسْمٌ

Noun is the name of any person, place or thing. Following varieties of nouns deserve our attention.

* INFLEXIBLE NOUN اِسْمِ جَامِدْ
* VERBAL NOUN مَصْدِرٌ
* COMMON NOUN اِسْمِ نِكِرة
* PROPER NOUN اِسْمِ مَعْرِفَه
* ACTIVE NOUN ( SUBJECT ) فَاعِلْ
* PASSIVE NOUN ( OBJECT ) مَفْعُوْلٌ
* NOUN OF PLACE AND TIME اسم ضرف و مكان و زمان
* NOUN OF THE INSTRUMENT اِسْم آله
* ADJECTIVE اِسْمِ صِفَتْ
* NOUN OF EXAGERATION اِسْم مُبَالِغَه
* COMPARATIVE NOUN اِسْمِ تَفْضِيْل
* NOUN OF MULTITUDE جَمَعْ تَكْثِيْر
* RELATIVE NOUNS
* GENDER ( MASCULINE, FEMININE )
* NUMBER:- SINGULAR, DUAL, PLURAL

PRONOUNS ضَمَانِر

VERB فَعَل

Verb is a word that indicates an action associated with past, present or future.

* INTRANSITIVE VERB فعل لا زم
* TRANSITIVE VERB فعل متعدي
* PAST TENSE ACTIVE VOICE فعل ماضي معروف
* PAST TENSE PASSIVE VOICE فعل ماضي مجهول
* AORIST TENSE فعل مضارع
* AORIST TENSE, ACTIVE VOICE فعل مضارع معروف
* AORIST TENSE PASSIVE VOICE فعل مضارع مجهول
* OTHER FORMS OF PAST TENSE
* OTHER FORMS OF AORIST TENSE
* IMPERATIVE MOOD اَمر
* PROHIBITIVE نَهِي
* IMPERATIVE AND PROHIBITIVE MOODS OF FIRST AND THIRD PERSONS
* DERIVATIVES OF TRILITERALS ثَلاَثِي مَزِيْدِ فِيْهِ

WORDS OTHER THAN NOUNS AND VERBS

* PREPOSITIONS
* CONJUNCTION
* WORDS USE FOR QUESTIONS
* AFFIRMATIVE WORDS
* NEGATIVE WORDS
* WORDS CONVEYING CONDITION
* DIRECTIONAL WORDS
* OTHER PARTICLES

PHASES AND SENTENCES

A group of two or more words is know as a مُرَكَّب ( compound ).

* PHRASE
* SENTENCE

CHAPTER – 1

ARABIC WORDS

In Arabic language, most of the Nouns and Verbs are derived from words normally consisting of a minimum of 3 alphabets like

ف ع ل - فَعَلَ ع ب د - عَبَدَ

He worshipped He did

The meaning, gender, number, tense etc. of any root word can be altered, by adding appropriate alphabets in the beginning, middle or at the end and also by changing the signs above and below each alphabets.

I murder اَقْتُلُ

Murderer قَاتِلٌ

We murdered قَتَلْنَا

He murdered قَتَلَ

He was murdered قُتِلَ

Thus from a single 3 lettered root word numerous other words can be derived but the basic meaning of the root words is normally retained in some form or the other.

There are 8 signs which are marked above or below an alphabet to produce sounds shown below :

u, as in who

a, as in far

e, as in seen

un , as in dhun

an, as in run

in , as in pin.

or are used for abrupt stop, as in “cut” فَعَلَتْ for repeating the sound of an alphabet as in running, الّله . Nouns can be identified by the prefix اَلْ as in اَلرَّحْمَانُ or in the signs , or on the last alphabet of a world زَيْدٌ , نَاصِرًا or حَامِدٍ . A verb can be identified when it is prefixed by قَدْ , لَ , سَوْفَ or سَ and by the sign on the last alphabet.

Past tense He has killed قَدْقَتَلَ

Present tense He knows يَعْلَمُ

Future tense He will strike سَيَضْرِبُ

Future tense You will know سَوْفَ تَعْلَمُوْنَ

Order ( you ) kill اُقْتُلْ

The number of alphabets and their signs in the case of the preposition used for joining nouns and verbs are fixed :

from = مِنْ over = عَلى in = فِيْ

The three lettered word فَعَلَ meaning ‘to work’, is usually selected to demonstrate the changes that can be brought about in the meaning, gender, tense etc. of a root word by altering the signs of and increasing the number of alphabets : works = اَفْعَالٌ

You ( will ) work = تَفْعَلُ one who works = فَاعِلٌ work = فَعْلٌ

When the root words contains the vowels ي or و or ا then along with the signs some of the letters too are changed or even dropped. In the case of the root word قَوْلٌ instead of writing قَوْلَ for the third person singular past tense, it is written as قَالَ that is و is replaced by ا . In the case of the root letter و ق ي for the imparative form, only one letter is used قِ meaning “Guard” as in قِنَا عَذَابَ النَّارِ ( guard or save us from the punishment of fire )

CHAPTER – II

NOUN اِسْمٌ

Noun is the name of any person, place or thing. Following varieties of nouns deserve our attention.

1. INFLEXIBLE NOUN اِسْمِ جَامِدْ

A noun which has not been derived from an infinitive :

Elephant = فِيْلٌ Horse = فَرَسٌ

2. VERBAL NOUN مَصْدِرٌ

A noun that has been derived from an infinitive and from which other words are derived :

( Infinitive ) To murder = قَتَلَ

( Noun ) Murder = قَتْلٌ

( Derived subject ) Murderer = قَاتِلٌ

( Derived object ) one who is murdered = مَقْتُوْلٌ

3. COMMON NOUN اِسْمِ نِكِرة

These nouns refer to Classes or groups of things :

Star = نَجْمٌ House = بَيْتٌ

4. PROPER NOUN اِسْمِ مَعْرِفَه

These nouns refer to particular persons, places or things like : مَكَّةٌ ، حَامِدٌ

When the alphabets اَلْ are prefixed to a common noun, it gets converted to a proper noun, imparting the meaning of the English article “THE”

The Star اَلنَّجْمُ

The House اَلْبَيْتُ

The noun in subjective case ( active ) ends in Hamid became جَاءَ حَامِدٌ . The noun is objective case

( passive ) ends in I struck Hamid ضَرَبَتُ حَامِدًا . The noun which is preceded by a preposition end in I went towards Hamid ذَهَبَتُ إلى حَامِدٍ .

In case the noun is prefixed with اَلْ then the last alphabet will be marked by respectively instead of .

5. ACTIVE NOUN – SUBJECT فَاعِلْ

This noun is derived from the root word by adding ا after the first alphabet and marking the sign on the central alphabet.

فَتَحَ - فَاتِحٌ نَصَرَ - نَاصِرٌ

One who helps One who opens

6. PASSIVE NOUN – OBJECT مَفْعُوْلٌ

This noun is derived from the root word by prefixing مَ and inserting و between the second and third letters. The central alphabet is marked with the sign .

فَتَحَ - مَفْتُوْحٌ نَصَرَ - مَنْصُوْرٌ

One who is helped one that is opened

7. NOUN OF PLACE AND TIME اسم ضرف و مكان و زمان

The noun has م with sign prefixed to the root word. The central alphabet has the sign if the Aorist verb فِعْلِ مُضَارِعْ has or on the central alphabet of the root word. The central alphabet will have marked on it, if the central alphabet of the Aorist verb also has marked on it.

Name of Place / Time Aorist Verb

Opening مَفْتُوْحٌ يَفْتَحُ

Helping مَنْصَرٌ يَنْصُرُ

Sitting مَجْلِسٌ يَجْلِسُ

( Exceptions to the rule )

يَشْرَقُ مَشْرِقُ

يَسْجُدُ مَسْجِدُ

يُصَلِّي مُصَلّى

8. NOUN OF THE INSTRUMENT اِسْم آله

Names of working instruments. There are three forms

Plough مِفْعَلٌ مِحْرَثٌ ( ح ر ث )

Key مِفْعَالٌ مَفْتَاحٌ ( ف ت ح )

Fan مِفْعَلَةٌ مِرْوَحَةٌ ( ر و ح )

9. ADJECTIVE اِسْمِ صِفَتْ

These words indicate qualities or attributes of nouns. In some cases, after the second alphabet of the root word, one of the vowels و, ي or ا is added as follows :

Good ( ش ر ف ) شَرِيْفٌ

Dignified ( و ق ر ) وَقُوْرٌ

Brave ( ش ج ع ) شُجَاعٌ

Following forms are also used

Difficult فَعْلٌ صَعْبٌ

Beautiful فَعَلٌ حَسَنٌ

Hard فُعْلٌ صُلْبٌ

Very happy فَعِلٌ فَرِحٌ

Beneficent فَعْلانٌ رَحْمَانٌ

10. NOUNS OF EXAGGERATION اِسْم مُبَالِغَه

To express an excess of some quality, following terms of the root word فعل are used.

Very cautious فَعِلٌ حَذِرٌ

Very merciful فَعِيْلٌ رَحِيْمٌ

Heavy eater فَعُوْلٌ اَكُوْلٌ

Very learned فَعَّالٌ عَلاّمٌ

Very elderly فُعَّالٌ كُبَّارٌ

Very truthful فِعِّيْلٌ صِدِّيْقٌ

Cutter مِفْعَلٌ مِجْزَمٌ

Great bestower مِفْعَالٌ مِنْعَامٌ

Very poor مِفْعِيْلٌ مِسْكِيْنٌ

Very peculiar فُعَالٌ عُجَابٌ

Great differentiator فَاعُوْلٌ فَارُوْقٌ

One who laughs فُعْلَةٌ ضُحْكَةٌ

Established one فَعُّوْلٌ قَيُّوْمٌ

Very holy فُعُّوْلٌ قُدُّوْسٌ

One who finds excuses فُعَّلٌ قُلَّبٌ

11. COMPARATIVE NOUN اِسْمِ تَفْضِيْل

These nouns are used for comparison. Derived from the root word فعل the word فعيل means one who has the capacity to work. The forms افعل ( masculine ) and فعلى ( feminine ) show comparative capacity of doing more work, following examples throw more light.

Comparative Comparative Noun

feminine masculine

صَغِيْرٌ اَصْغَرُ صُغْرى

كَبِيْرٌ اَكْبَرُ كُبْرى

Comparative nouns do not have the prefix ال or the signs or on the last alphabet.

12. NOUN OF MULTITUDE جَمَعْ تَكْثِيْر

The noun is derived by suffixing ةٌ to certain singular nouns

Many trees شَجَرٌ شَجَرَةٌ

13. RELATIVE NOUNS

When يٌ is suffixed to certain nouns, the derived word conveys the sense of belonging to :

Belonging to Arabia عَرَبٌ عَبَبِيٌّ

Belonging to India هِنْدٌ هِنْدِيٌّ

14. GENDER – MASCULINE , FEMININE

In most cases a feminine noun can be identified by the suffix ةٌ

Masculine عَالِمٌ سَاجِدٌ عَابِدٌ

Feminine عَالِمَةٌ سَاجِدَةٌ عَابِدَةٌ

When the masculine noun is the equivalent of the word اَفْعَلْ its feminine is either فُعْلى or فُعْلاءُ

Masculine Feminine

فُعْلى - فُعْلاءُ اَفْعَلُ

صُغْرى اَصْغَرُ

صَفْرَاءُ اَصْفَرُ

There are some irregular forms which do not end in ةٌ or اى or اء yet they are considered feminine :

Fire = نَارٌ Earth = اَرْضٌ Sky = سَمَاءٌ

15. NUMBER :- SINGULAR, DUAL, PLURAL

Dual ( for two things ): To convert singular to dual, اِن is added at the end of the active noun, that is, subject فَاعِلٌ and يَنِ at the end of passive noun, that is, object مَفْعُوْل . The alphabet just before اَنِ or يْنِ is marked with the sign and the last ن of the dual always has the sign .

Singular Dual Active Dual Passive

Two eyes عَيْنَيْنِ عَيْنَانِ عَيْنٌ

Two hands يَدَيْنِ يَدَانِ يَدٌ

Two learned women عَالِمَتَيْنِ عَالِمَتَانِ عَالِمَةٌ

Plural has two kinds :

( 1 ) Sound plural - جَمَع سَالِمْ

( 2 ) Broken plural – جَمَع مُكَسَّرْ

In sound plural جَمَع سَالِمْ alphabets of the singular form remain in the same order. ون is added at the end of active noun subject فَاعِل and يْنَ at the end of passive noun object مَفْعُوْل . The letter before و is marked with for the active noun and the letter before ي is marked with for the passive noun. The last ن is marked with . Feminine sound plural is made by adding اتٌ to active masculine noun and اتٍ to passive masculine noun.

Singular Plural Active Plural Passive

Masc. عَالِمِيْنَ عَالِمُوْنَ عَالِمٌ

Fem. عَالِمَاتِ عَالِمَاتٌ عَالِمَةٌ

SUMMARY OF NUMBER, SING., DUAL AND

SOUND PLURAL

MASCULINE FEMININE

Active

فاعل

Passive

مفعول

Preposition

حرف

Active

فاعل

Passive

مفعول

Preposition

حرف

Sing.

مُسْلِمٌ

مُسْلِمًا

مُسْلِمٍ

مُسْلِمَةٌ

مُسْلِمَةً

مُسْلِمَةٍ

Dual

مُسْلِمَانِ

مُسْلِمَيْنِ

مُسْلِمَتَانِ

مُسْلِمَتَيْنِ

Plu.

مُسْلِمُوْنَ

مُسْلِمِيْنَ

مُسْلِمَاتٍ

مُسْلِمَاتِ

In broken plural, the original form of the singular is changed by addition or removal of alphabets and changing the signs associated with the original alphabets.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

اَقْلامٌ قَلَمٌ كِتَابٌ كُتُبٌ

بُيُوْتٌ بَيْتٌ اَرْجُلٌ رَجُلٌ

مَسَاجِدٌ مَسْجِدٌ ثِيَابٌ ثَوْبٌ

CHAPTER – III

PRONOUNS ضَمَائِر

A pronoun is a word used in place or instead of a noun.

If اِيَّا is prefixed to passive pronouns, it imparts the sense of only, اِيَّاكَ )only you (, اِيَّانَا ( only we ).

NEAR

3. Demonstrative Pronouns

اسم اشاره

FAR

Masculine

Feminine

Masculine

Feminine

S

D

P

S

D

P

S

D

P

S

D

P

This

Those

All

This

These

All

That

Those

All

That

Those

All

Two

these

Two

those

Two

Those

Two

Those

هذَا

هذانِ

هوُلاَءِ

هذِهِ

هَاتَانِ

هَوْلاَءِ

ذلِكَ

ذَانِكَ

اُولانِكَ

تِلْكَ

تَانِك

اُولانِكَ

هذَيْنِ

هَاتَيْنِ

ذَيْنِكَ

تَيْنِكَ

4. Relative Pronouns

5. Introgative Pronouns

Who

Who

Who

Who

Who

Who

مَنْ

مَا

which

Which

two

Which

all

Which

Which

two

Which

all

اَلَّذِيْ

اَلَّذَانِ

اَلَّذِيْنَ

اَلَّتِي

اَلَّتَانِ

اَلاَّتِي

who

what

which

اَلَّذِيْنَ

اَلَّتَيْنِ

اَلاَّنِي

for

living

beings

for

inani-

mates

First Person

Second Person

Third Person

Gender

S

D

P

S

D

P

S

D

P

1. Personal Pronouns

ضَمِيْرِ شَخْصِيْ

I

we too

you

you two

you all

He/She

They two

They all

M

اَنَا

نَحْنُ

نَحْنُ

اَنْتَ

اَنْتُمَا

اَنْتُمْ

هُوَ

هُمَا

هُمْ

F

"

"

"

اَنْتِ

"

اَنْتُنَّ

هِيَ

"

هُنْ

2. Possessive Pronouns to be suffixedضَمِيْرِ اِضَافِيْ

Mine

Ours two

Ours

Yours

Yours two

Yours all

His\Her

Their two

Theirs

M

ي

نَا

نَا

كَ

كُمَا

كُمْ

هُ

هُمَا

هُمْ

F

"

"

"

كِ

"

كُنَّ

هَا

"

هُنَّ

My fosterer =

رَبِّي

Our Fosterer=

رَبَّنَا

Your heart =

قَلْبِكَ

We provided them =

رَزَقْنَاهُمْ

CHAPTER – IV

VERB فعل

Verb is a word that indicates an action associated with past, present or future.

1. INTRANSITIVE VERB فعل لا زم

It denotes an action by the subject which does not pass over to an object.

Hamid came جَاءَ حَامِدٌ

2. TRANSITIVE VERB فعل متعدي

This verb denotes an action which passes over from the doer or subject to an object.

I struck Hamid ضَرَبْتُ حَامِدًا

3.a PAST TENSE ACTIVE VOICE فعل ماضي معروف

In this form of the verb, the first and the last alphabets of a three lettered root word have the sign marked on them, while the sing on the central alphabet may change.

فَتَحَ سَمِعَ كَرُمَ

Different forms of first, second and third persons, masculine and feminine genders and singular, dual and plural numbers used in the active voice of past tense are as follows : S = Singular, D = Dual and P = Plural.

S

He killed.

قَتَلَ

Masculine

D

They two killed.

قَتَلاَ

Third

P

They all killed.

قَتَلُوْا

Person

S

She killed.

قَتَلَتْ

Feminine

D

They two killed.

قَتَلَتَا

P

They all killed.

قَتَلْنَ

Second

S

You killed.

قَتَلْتَ

Person

Masculine

D

You two killed.

قَتَلْتُمَا

P

You all killed.

قَتَلْتُمْ

Second

Feminine

S

You killed.

قَتَلْتِ

Person

D

You two killed.

قَتَلْتُمَا

P

You all killed.

قَتَلْتُنَّ

First

Masculine or

S

I killed.

قَتَلْتُ

Person

Feminine

D/P

We killed.

قَتَلْنَا

To make negative prefix مَا

He did not kill مَا قَتَلَ

We did not kill مَا قَتَلْنَا

She did not kill مَا قَتَلَتْ

You two did not kill مَا قَتَلْتُمَا

3.b PAST TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE فعل ماضي مجهول

To obtain this form of the verb, the sign of the first alphabet of all the active verbs is changed to and that of the second to .

Passive Active

ذُهِبَ ذَهَبَ

He was made to go He went

قُتِلْنَا قَتَلْنَا

We were killed We killed

To make negative prefix مَا

You were not killed مَا قُتِلْتُمْ

He was not made to go مَا ذُهِبَ

4. AORIST TENSE فعل مضارع

In Arabic language, present and future tense are represented by a single tense known as Aorist tense. These are some prefixes which sometime help in distinguishing present from future tense but mostly this verb represents both the tenses.

4.a AORIST TENSE, ACTIVE VOICE فعل مضارع معروف

This form of the verb has as a prefix to the root word, one of the alphabets ا ت ن ي marked with the sign . The first alphabet of the root word is marked with the sign and the last with the sign , the central alphabet may have one of the three signs , or .

Different forms of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd persons masculine and feminine genders, and singular, dual and plural numbers used in the active voice of Aorist tense are as follows :

S

He Kills / will kill.

يَقْتُلُ

Masculine

D

They two kill / will kill.

يَقْتُلاَنِ

Third

P

They all kill / will kill.

يَقْتُلُوْنَ

Person

S

She kills / will kill

ثَقْتُلُ

Feminine

D

They two kill / will kill.

ثُقْتُلاَنِ

P

They all kill / will kill.

يَقْتُلْنَ

S

You Kill / will kill.

تَقْتُلُ

Masculine

D

You two kill / will kill.

تَقْتُلاَنِ

Second

P

You all kill / will kill.

تَقْتُلُوْنَ

Person

Feminine

S

You kill / will kill.

تَقْتُلِيْنَ

D

You two kill / will kill.

تَقْتُلاَنِ

P

You all kill / will kill.

تَقْتُلْنَ

First

Masculine or

S

I kill / will kill.

اَقْتُلُ

Person

Feminine

D/P

We kill / will kill.

نَقْتُلُ

To make negative Aorist tense active voice لاَ is prefixed :

He does not / will not kill لاَ يَقْتُلُ

We do not / will not kill لاَ نَقْتُلُ

4.b AORIST TENSE, PASSIVE VOICE فعل مضارع مجهول

To convert Aorist active to passive voice the sign on the prefixed alphabets ا ت ن ي is changed to and the third alphabet is marked with the sign .

Passive Active

He is killed / will be killed يُقْتَلُ He kills / will kill يَقْتُلُ

5. OTHER FORMS OF PAST TENSE

a) Immediate past / present perfect : When قد is prefixed to past tense, we obtain present perfect tense.

He has come out قَدْ خَرَجَ

b) Past perfect : To obtain the form كَانَ is prefixed to the past tense, third person singular.

He had written كَانَ كَتَبَ

For different genders, numbers and persons, derivatives of كَانَ are used following the rules for past tense active voice detailed earlier. All the forms in that sequence are as follows :

FEMININE

MASCULINE

Person

P

D

S

P

D

S

Third

كُنَّ

كَانَتَا

كَانَتْ

كَانُوُا

كَانَا

كَانَ

Second

كُنْتُنَّ

كُنْتُمَا

كُنْتِ

كُنْتُمْ

كُنْتُمَا

كُنْتَ

First

M

FSD

and P

كُنَّا

كُنْتُ

and

c) Probability in Past : Prefixing لَعَلَّنَا to the past tense imparts the sense of probability :

Probably he has heard لَعَلَّنَا سَمِعَ

d) Wishing in Past : Wishing to have done an action in the past, the word لَيْتَمَا is prefixed to past tense :

Wish I had guarded